International Conference on Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering November 18-19, 2019 Abu Dhabi, UAE

The complete conversion of organic substance to inorganic substance is called as Biomineralization. Biomineralization is generated by especially in living organisms, such as teeth and bone. This is the process by which living organisms produce minerals or stiffen existing tissues. Those tissues are called mineralized tissues.in this process over 60 different types of minerals have been identified. An example includes diatoms, carbonates, and silicates in algae, carbonates and calcium phosphates. Living organisms have been producing mineralised skeletons for the past 550 million years. The structures of these biomaterials are controlled from the nanometre to the macroscopic level, resulting in complex architectures that provide multifunctional properties.

The structure will be providing on support is called as a scaffolding. It is also explained in medical technology use a microscopic apparatus made of fine polymer fibres is called as a scaffold. The best example of scaffolding in biology is the repair of bone fracture. The temporary structure is made by the body called the pro callus. These scaffolds are different types those are Nano-scaffold and fibrin scaffold.

Nano-scaffolding is a medical process used to regrowth of bone and tissue, including organs. The structure of Nano-scaffolding is a three-dimensional structure composed of polymer fibers very small that are scaled from a nanometre scale. Nano-scaffolding has been used to regrow burned skin. The process cannot grow complex organs like hearts.

A fibrin scaffold is a network of protein. This can be hold together and a support a verity of living tissues.it is produced generally in the time of injury, but also can be engineered as a tissue substitute to speed healing. Fibrin consists of the blood proteins fibrinogen which is participating in blood clotting.it has a broad use in biomedical application.

Materials exploited in contact with organisms, microorganisms and living tissues is called as a biomaterials. As science biomaterials is about 50 years old. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterial engineering or biomaterial science. Biomaterial engineering encompasses elements of biology, medicine, material science, chemistry and tissue engineering. Biomaterials are different from the biological materials, such as bone, that is produced by a biological system. Biomaterials are regularly used and additionally adjusted for a medical application. Biomaterials are utilized each day in dental application, bone plates,  medication delivery, surgery and tissue designing. A biomaterial is a substance that has been designed to behave with organic structures for a clinical reason - either a therapeutic or a diagnostic one. Biomaterials are also used on a day by day foundation in dental applications, surgical operation, and drug transport. New biomaterials have been presented since 1971.

Nanotechnology is currently being utilized for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Nanotechnology represents a major frontier with potential to significantly advance in the field of tissue engineering. Nanotechnology can be used to create nanopatterns, controlled release nanoparticles and nanofibers with application in tissue engineering, for mimicking native tissues since biomaterials to be engineered is of nanometre size like extracellular fluids, cardiac tissues and bone marrow etc. in this technology several major areas of research in bone regeneration: 1) nanoparticle-based methods for delivery of bioactive molecules, growth factors, and genetic material, 2) nanoparticle-mediated cell labeling and targeting and 3) Nano based scaffold construction and modification to enhance physiochemical interaction, mechanical stability. Nanotechnology is the ultimate translation to the clinical environment it will be allow for the improvement of therapeutic outcomes in patients with large bone deficits and osteodegenerative diseases.

Cancer is the maximum terrible disorder. Bone sarcoma is sometimes just called bone cancer. “A bone cancer means a neoplastic growth of tissue in bone”. This bone sarcoma is classified in to two types those are primary bone tumour and secondary bone tumour.” Primary bone tumour” which originate in tissues and bone or bone derived cells and “secondary bone tumour “which have spread from other organs, most commonly carcinomas of the breast, lung, and prostate The objectives of bone tumour treatment can incorporate at least 1 of these things 1) Remove the malignancy in the bone 2) Remove or demolish tumours in different parts of the body 3) Kill or stop the development of bone disease cells 4) Prevent the malignancy's arrival.5) Ease manifestations from the tumour, for example, torment or weight on organs. The treatment of bone sarcoma depends on the type of tumour and those treatments are surgical treatment, medication and chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

The term biomimicry and biomimietics derive from Greek. Biomimetics is very closely related in the field of bionics. Biomimetics is the limitation of the systems, models and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. Biomimetic scaffolds may provide a novel platform for phenotypically stem cell differentiation and stable tissue formation. Biomimetics has given rise to new technologies inspired by biological solutions at nanoscales.

Biofabrication is an automated production of organs and tissue that deals with health challenge in medicine. Biofabrication research is that leads to the fabrication of advanced biological models, non-medical biological systems and medical therapeutic products. Biofabrication technology is a platform for a broad range of tissues such as nervous, cartilage, blood vessels and skin, as well as complete organs such as kidney, liver and the heart. It is used for 3D printing which is also known as the theory of additive manufacturing. Its main objective is to merge cells and fibres into an independent construct that can substitute wounded tissue.

Dental regeneration is a stem cell based regenerative medicine procedure in the field of stem cell biology and tissue engineering to replaced damaged teeth by regrowing them from autologous stem cell. Dental biomaterials are applied to loss or damaged tooth. British researchers have created material that can be used as an artificial dental enamel to treat and prevent tooth sensitivity. The scientists are create the enamel by using of biopolymer  to trigger and guide the regrowth of apatite nanocrystals,  but the main mineral found in bone and dental enamel. Those biopolymers combines they form larger macroscopic structures with the properties of dental enamel such as, hardness, acid resistance and stiffness. Dental inserts are the whole and spherical structures made up of titanium, which is applied as a substitute for any damaged tooth. Fake tooth are called dental prostheses.

Stem cells are biological cells; these are found in multicellular organisms. Stem cells are differentiate into other type of cell and can divide to produce same type of stem cells. Stem cells are two types those are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. The Embryonic stem cells which is founded from the inner cells and the adult stem cells which are found in various tissues.  Adult stem cells are usually used in various medical therapies. Adult Stem Cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth. Stem cell therapy is the treatment of stem cell disease. In adult organisms stem cells are act as a repair system for the body.

Organ engineering is a theoretical alternative to transplantation. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is an exciting research area that aims at regenerative alternatives to remove tissues for organ transplantation with soft tissues. This organ engineering has attracted a number of interests as a modern day healing that it could success over the drawbacks concerned the present day organ transplantation and artificial organs which have been additionally focus at changing broken or misplaced organs or tissues. Whole organs could be obtain from patient's cells and transplanted similar organs to overcome organ donor shortage, and the need for immunosuppression.

Biomedical engineering is also known as a bioengineering. It is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to biology and medicine for healthcare purpose. This field is close the gap between medical and engineering, combining the problem solving and designing skills of engineering with medical biological sciences to advance health care treatment, therapy and including diagnosis. And also includes under the scope of a biomedical engineer is the management of present medical equipment within hospitals while it is relevant to industry standards. This involves equipment recommendations, routine testing, procurement and preventative maintenance and disposal. This is also known as a Biomedical Equipment Technician (BMET) or clinical engineering.

Over the past 20 years, bone tissue engineering has been the issue of considerable research in the time of regenerative medicine. The current trends include the technical in surgical and orthopaedic implants techniques for bone regeneration. For bone regeneration and tissue engineering strategies contain gene, protein and cell delivery to the defective bone sites. GAM (Gene-activated matrices) is shown considerable outcomes with bone regeneration. In GAM technology, cytokines and growth factors could be delivered as plasmid genes, not recombinant proteins which lead to in situ osteogenic protein production, thus inducing bone repair and osteogenesis. Overall a common platform for clinical experience, commercial application and biological principles is necessary for the technology development.

Bone regeneration is a complicated physiological technique for formation of bone. Bone regeneration is seen during of fracture recovery. Bone damage and bone loss may occur as a result of infectious diseases, genetic conditions, tumours and trauma.  Bone repair and healing involves integrate activity of living cells, native tissues and give itself to the incorporation of naturally derived or biocompatiable synthetic scaffolds, damaged tissues. These are several modalities of bone regeneration including tissue engineering, guided bone regeneration, bone grafting and distraction ontogenesis, loose fibula vascularized graft, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoconductive scaffolds and allograft implantation.

Tissue regeneration means the regrowth of a damaged organ part from the remaining tissue. In adults can regenerate some organs such as the liver. If part of the liver is lost by injury, the liver grows its original size, not its original shape. In many different animals such as human’s tissue regrowth may be observed.  Like lizards: the tail of lizard if reduce can develop successfully all another time. That is an example of tissue repair and regeneration. Tissue repair occurs in two major ways by fibrosis and by regeneration. Fibrosis involves repair by fibrous connective tissue where regeneration replaces destroyed tissue with the same cells.

The primary thrust of tissue engineering is the clinical translation of biologics or scaffolds to reconstruct tissue defects. Medical translation of tissue engineering plans from academic research has been minimum 27 years records of bone tissue engineering. Mostly clinical translation is use in the treatment of cell therapy. Tissue engineering has raised the hopes of many surgeons to restore the functionality, to provide products of organs and tissues. The orthopaedic surgeons could use these products to replace missing tissues due to infection, trauma or surgical removal of neoplastic tissues. Although research has shown number of publications and large interest in tissue engineering in this field there are still very few products available. In this field looking at cartilage repair, spinal surgery, bone defects, biomaterials, muscle repair.

Biomedical innovation guarantees number of new improvements. Biomedical technology is the one of the brightest career these days. More doctors are utilizing the power of computer and other devices such as sonography devices and MRI scans etc. biomedical technology is applied for physics as well as biology and chemistry to develop devices and products which are used in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. The biomedical engineers work with other healthcare professionals including nurses, technicians, physicians and therapists. There are different areas of specialization within the field of biomedical technology such as: clinical engineering, cellular and genetic engineering and tissue engineering.

Clinical Engineering: in this technique involves maintaining computer database and developing of medical equipment and instruments record in hospitals.

Cellular and Genetic Engineering:  in this technique involves developing devices and looking at medical problems at the microscopic level to deliver medicines to inhibit diseases and promote healing.

Tissue Engineering: in this technique involves the principles of engineering and biology to develop tissue substitutes to restore, improve the functions of damaged human tissues.

Over the last many years there was a large amount of innovation and studies into regenerative techniques and tissue engineering for the craniofacial region. Current studies indicate that many kinds of implant biodegradable scaffolds can also play a useful role within the medical trails of craniofacial pathological situations. Craniofacial surgery we can highlight each modern-day surgical methods for craniofacial reconstruction and recent advances within the subject of bone tissue engineering. In so many cases,  the correction of bone defects requires extensive surgical intervention involving the use of bone-grafting techniques and other procedures in which healing is slow, there is a high risk of infection and pain - with no guarantee of complete correction of the defect. Therefore, the search for surgical alternatives continues to present a major challenge in orthopaedic trauma. By arising of bone defect two techniques are used those are RIA technique and Masquelet technique. Both in the Masquelet technique and in RIA, osteosynthesis is usually needed.